reverse-phase HPLC is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Updated 2026-08-01. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
BPC-157 is normally distributed as a lyophilised powder that ranges from white to off-white in appearance. The peptide dissolves readily in water, normal saline, and common aqueous buffers, and it is poorly soluble in nonpolar solvents such as hexane or vegetable oils. Lyophilised vials take up moisture if left open, which changes the mass of powder in the container and complicates any later weighing. Because the material is handled in small quantities, static and adhesion to glass or plastic can also cause noticeable losses during transfer.
The main chemical liabilities of this sequence are peptide-bond hydrolysis and possible aspartate-related reactions, since the peptide contains aspartic acid residues but no cysteine, methionine, or tryptophan. Absence of those three residues removes the most common oxidation and disulfide pathways from consideration. Studies of related peptides indicate that aspartate isomerisation and aspartimide formation occur most readily at Asp-Gly and Asp-Ala positions, and open questions remain about how quickly those reactions proceed under ordinary laboratory conditions. Storage guidance typically emphasises cool, dry, dark conditions to slow hydrolysis.
The sequence places several glycine and proline residues near the middle, which may influence how the chain folds in solution. The peptide is linear rather than cyclic, and it carries no disulfide bridges. Commercial material is commonly supplied as the acetate salt, although the free base and other counterion forms also appear. Because the term BPC-157 refers to a specific sequence, samples with slight sequence variants are chemically different substances. Published work generally treats the fifteen-residue sequence as the defining structure.
Physical descriptions in supplier documents and papers usually list the compound as a white to off-white powder. It dissolves readily in water and in common aqueous buffers, and solutions are often prepared fresh before an experiment. Molecular mass near 1419 daltons helps verify identity during mass spectrometry. The powder is somewhat hygroscopic, so moisture exposure can alter the measured mass of a sample. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from chromatographic analysis.
BPC-157 is a synthetic fifteen-amino-acid peptide whose sequence is GEPPPGKPADDAGLV. Its name derives from the phrase body protection compound, a term applied to a protein fraction originally detected in human gastric juice. The short peptide is not that full protein; it corresponds to a stable fragment of the larger molecule. Researchers frequently describe it as a pentadecapeptide because it contains exactly fifteen residues. Its neutral molecular mass is approximately 1419 daltons.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised material; shade varies slightly between lots |
| Solubility in water | Freely soluble | Dissolves in water, saline, and aqueous buffers |
| Solubility in nonpolar solvents | Poorly soluble | Not compatible with oils or hydrocarbon solvents |
| Typical storage temperature | About −20 °C | Lyophilised, dry, dark storage slows hydrolysis |
| Common purity method | Reversed-phase HPLC | Area percentage, usually paired with mass spectrometry |
Direct human evidence is scarce. One trial in ulcerative colitis delivered the compound by enema and produced limited publicly reported results without a clear benefit. The compound is not an approved medicine in most jurisdictions. In many markets it is sold as a research chemical; in others it falls under prescription or controlled categories. Regulators have not confirmed any claimed medical use, and product labels rarely undergo premarket review.
Most published reports describe experiments in rodents rather than in people. These studies examine outcomes in tendons, ligaments, bone, stomach lining, and intestinal tissue. In rat and mouse models, a frequently reported effect is faster healing or reduced damage. Sample sizes are usually small, and a substantial share of the work originates from a small number of research groups. Independent replication is limited, so how far the findings extend to humans remains an open question.
Proposed mechanisms in the literature involve the nitric oxide system, vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways. Some studies report changes in blood vessel formation or in inflammatory mediators, while others describe interactions with nervous tissue. Much of this evidence rests on molecular markers in cultured cells or animal models. Whether the same pathways operate the same way in humans has not been established. Authors therefore tend to describe mechanisms as hypothetical rather than settled.
Once dissolved, the material is considerably less stable than the dry solid. Aqueous solutions are usually kept cold and used within a short window, and neutral or mildly acidic buffers are preferred over strongly alkaline conditions. Freeze-thaw cycles promote aggregation and loss of material to container surfaces, so dividing a batch into single-use aliquots is standard. Adsorption to plastic and glass can lower the measured concentration, meaning solution strength may need rechecking before an experiment.
Identity and purity are established with complementary methods rather than one test. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separates the main peak from deletion sequences and oxidized variants, and its area percentage is the usual purity figure. Mass spectrometry confirms the expected molecular mass and can flag truncations or modifications that chromatography alone might miss. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping add sequence-level confirmation, while residual counter-ion and water content are measured separately.
Interest in the peptide has grown through online communities that discuss self-administered use, which sits outside formal research settings. Regulatory status varies by country, and in many jurisdictions the compound is not approved as a therapeutic product. Questions about optimal routes of administration, long-term effects, and dose-response relationships remain open. Published pharmacokinetic data in humans are limited, and much of what circulates in popular discussion is extrapolated from animal work rather than measured directly in people.
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide built from fifteen amino acids, referred to in the literature as a pentadecapeptide. Its sequence was derived from a larger protein found in human gastric juice, commonly called body protection compound. Researchers first described the fragment in the early 1990s and named it after the parent protein plus a numeric identifier. The peptide does not correspond to a single marketed medicine; it is primarily a laboratory research material. Suppliers distribute it as a lyophilized powder intended for experimental use.
Long-term storage of the dry powder is typically described at minus twenty degrees Celsius or colder, while shorter holding periods may use ordinary refrigeration. Repeated warming and cooling cycles are discouraged because they stress the material and can promote aggregation or loss. Light exposure and residual moisture are both treated as avoidable sources of degradation, and working aliquots are often prepared to limit how many times a container is opened. Sealed vials with a desiccant are the usual container.
Quality assessment rests on two separate questions: whether the chain is the intended one, and how much of the sample is that chain. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection is the standard purity measurement, while mass spectrometry confirms identity through the observed molecular mass. Amino acid analysis and sequence verification provide further checks. A reported purity percentage describes the proportion of the sample represented by the main peak, not the amount of peptide by mass, since counter-ions and water make up part of any lyophilized lot.
excision The enzymatic removal of a polynucleotide sequence from one or more strands of a nucleic acid, or of a polypeptide sequence from a protein, typically implying both the breaking of the polymeric molecule in two locations and the subsequent rejoining of the two breakpoints after the sequence between them has been removed. The term may be used to describe a wide variety of processes performed by distinct enzymes, including most splicing and DNA repair pathways.
Similarly, in ships and yachts, marine sanitation devices use electricity to convert seawater into hypochlorous acid to disinfect macerated faecal waste before discharge into the sea. In deodorization, hypochlorous acid has been tested to remove up to 99% of foul odours, including garbage, rotten meat, toilet, stool, and urine odours.
Bryant Park contains a Beaux-Arts granite restroom structure on the northern border, along 42nd Street. There are two facilities, one for men and women, both of which are 315 square feet (29.3 m2). These were built in 1911 along with the NYPL Main Branch, but due to the park's landmark status, they cannot be expanded. The exterior of each building contains a frieze with garland motifs. After being closed in the mid-1960s, they were restored by Kupiec & Koutsomitis and reopened in 1992. The restrooms have been described as being among the city's best. A subsequent renovation in 2006 solidified their status as, in the words of then-New York City Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe, "the gold standard for park comfort stations." The restrooms were renovated again in 2017. Following the 2017 renovation, the restrooms contained rotating artworks selected from a collection of 225 works, as well as fresh flowers, classical music, attendants, and automatic toilets and faucets.
Recombinant human endostatin is a genetically engineered protein that interferes with the growth of blood vessels to a tumor, thereby starving and preventing the growth of tumor cells. Endu is a modified version of endostatin. Endu has been engineered to contain an additional nine-amino acid sequence to enhance protein purification, solubility and stability and has been shown to improve the function of endostatin. In June 2007, the company acquired an additional 10% equity interest in Yantai Medgenn. The company is conducting Phase IV clinical trials for Endu in approximately 150 hospitals in China.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In molecular biology, initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis. Initiation factors can interact with repressors to slow down or prevent translation. They have the ability to interact with activators to help them start or increase the rate of translation. In bacteria, they are simply called IFs (i.e.., IF1, IF2, & IF3) and in eukaryotes they are known as eIFs (i.e.., eIF1, eIF2, eIF3). Translation initiation is sometimes described as three step process which initiation factors help to carry out. First, the tRNA carrying a methionine amino acid binds to the small subunit of ribosome, then binds to the mRNA, and finally joins together with the large subunit of ribosome. The initiation factors that help with this process each have different roles and structures.
In the latter, births were limited as they had no more places in the ICU/neonatal unit. Some pregnant women in the hospitals had COVID-19, with some of them going into intensive care. Some had premature births, with them being directly sent to the ICU. Even ahead of the overcrowding of ICUs and the collapse of the health system, Melo, on 16 March, decreed his opposition to the construction of field hospitals and that it is always the case that more people could be admitted to already existing hospitals. On 21 March, the state government published a decree to authorize the retaking of co-management. Up to that point, Porto Alegre had suffered from an overcapacity of hospital beds for three weeks. Melo immediately adopted red flag measures, including the reopening of businesses, bars and restaurants, even with the health system collapsing. Days after, he admitted to not having any scientific basis for his decision. In a public declaration, Melo said that he would not spend not even a cent in hiring new inspectors to implement the laws and confirm if the sanitary protocols have been complied with. Along with this, he reiterated that he would not implement the state decree that required the usage of masks. On 26 March, even with hospitals dealing with overcapacity, Melo published a decree allowing for the opening of bars, restaurants, and businesses with hours that were not permitted by the state government.
== Manufacture == Almost all products rich in protein are suitable for the production of HVP. Today, it is made mainly from protein resources of vegetable origin, such as defatted oil seeds (soybean meal, grapeseed meal) and protein from maize (Corn gluten meal), wheat (gluten), pea, and rice. The process and the feedstock determines the organoleptic properties of the end product. Proteins consist of chains of amino acids joined through amide bonds. When subjected to hydrolysis (hydrolyzed), the protein is broken down into its component amino acids. In aHVP, hydrochloric acid is used for hydrolysis. The remaining acid is then neutralized by mixing with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, which leaves behind table salt, which comprises up to 20% of the final product (acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein, aHVP). In enzymatic HVP (eHVP), proteases are used to break down the proteins under a more neutral pH and lower temperatures. The amount of salt is greatly reduced. Because of the different processing conditions, the two types of HVP have different sensory profiles. aHVP is usually dark-brown in color and has a strong savory flavor, whereas eHVP usually is lighter in color and has a mild savory flavor.
The researchers have mentioned that part of the liquid-disorder formation occurs possibly be interrupting the hydrophobic region of the phospholipids, by binding closely towards the hydrophilic region of the phospholipid, and acting as "filler" since ethanol cannot closely align with the neighboring phospholipids. All of these possible mechanisms can be contributed to ethanol's amphiphilic nature.
== ISO 4000 – ISO 4499 == ISO 4000 Passenger car tyres and rims ISO 4000-1:2021 Part 1: Tyres (metric series) ISO 4000-2:2021 Part 2: Rims ISO 4001:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Raft-type life-saving apparatus [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4002 Equipment for sowing and planting ISO 4002-1:1979 Part 1: Concave disks type D1 — Dimensions ISO 4002-2:1977 Part 2: Flat disks type D2 with single bevel — Dimensions ISO 4003:1977 Permeable sintered metal materials — Determination of bubble test pore size ISO 4004:1983 Agricultural tractors and machinery — Track widths ISO/IEC 4005 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Low altitude drone area network (LADAN) [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO/IEC 4005-1:2023 Part 1: Communication model and requirements ISO/IEC 4005-2:2023 Part 2: Physical and data link protocols for shared communication ISO/IEC 4005-3:2023 Part 3: Physical and data link protocols for control communication ISO/IEC 4005-4:2023 Part 4: Physical and data link protocols for video communication ISO 4006:1991 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits – Vocabulary and symbols ISO 4007:2018 Personal protective equipment – Eye and face protection – Vocabulary ISO 4008 Road vehicles — Fuel injection pump testing ISO 4008-1:1980 Part 1: Dynamic conditions ISO 4008-2:1983 Part 2: Static conditions ISO 4008-3:1987 Part 3: Application and test procedures ISO 4009:2000 Commercial vehicles — Location of electrical and pneumatic connections between towing vehicles and trailers [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4010:1998 Diesel engines — Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type ISO/TR 4011:1976 Road vehicles — Apparatus for measurement of the opacity of exhaust gas from diesel engines [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11614] ISO 4012:1978 Concrete — Determination of compressive strength of test specimens [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-4] ISO 4013:1978 Concrete — Determination of flexural strength of test specimens [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-4] ISO 4014:2022 Hexagon head bolts — Product grades A and B ISO 4015:2022 Hexagon head bolts — Product grade B — Reduced shank (shank diameter approximately equal to pitch diameter) ISO 4016:2011 Hexagon head bolts — Product grade C ISO 4017:2014 Fasteners — Hexagon head screws — Product grades A and B ISO 4018:2011 Hexagon head screws — Product grade C ISO 4019:2001 Structural steels — Cold-formed, welded, structural hollow sections — Dimensions and sectional properties [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10799-2] ISO 4020:2001 Road vehicles — Fuel filters for diesel engines — Test methods ISO 4021:1992 Hydraulic fluid power — Particulate contamination analysis — Extraction of fluid samples from lines of an operating system ISO 4022:2018 Permeable sintered metal materials — Determination of fluid permeability ISO 4023:2009 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for steam — Test methods ISO 4024:1992 Road vehicles — Ignition coils — Low-tension cable connections ISO 4025 The physical and mechanical properties of bagasse particleboards [Rejected draft] ISO 4026:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with flat point ISO 4027:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with cone point ISO 4028:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with dog point ISO 4029:2003 Hexagon socket set screws with cup point ISO 4030:1983 Road vehicles — Vehicle identification number (VIN) — Location and attachment ISO 4031:1978 Information interchange – Representation of local time differentials [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8601:1988] ISO 4032:2012 Hexagon regular nuts (style 1) — Product grades A and B ISO 4033:2012 Hexagon high nuts (style 2) — Product grades A and B ISO 4034:2012 Hexagon regular nuts (style 1) — Product grade C [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4035:2012 Hexagon thin nuts chamfered (style 0) — Product grades A and B ISO 4036:2012 Hexagon thin nuts unchamfered (style 0) — Product grade B [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4037 X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy ISO 4037-1:1996 Part 1: Radiation characteristics and production ISO 4037-2:1997 Part 2: Dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges from 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV to 9 MeV ISO 4037-3:1999 Part 3: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters and the measurement of their response as a function of energy and angle of incidence ISO 4037-4:2004 Part 4: Calibration of area and personal dosemeters in low energy X reference radiation fields ISO 4038:1996 Road vehicles — Hydraulic braking systems — Simple flare pipes, tapped holes, male fittings and hose end fittings ISO 4039 Road vehicles — Pneumatic braking systems ISO 4039-1:1998 Part 1: Pipes, male fittings and tapped holes with facial sealing surface ISO 4039-2:1998 Part 2: Pipes, male fittings and holes with conical sealing surface ISO 4040:2009 Road vehicles — Location of hand controls, indicators and tell-tales in motor vehicles ISO 4041:1978 Rotary drilling equipment — Rotary hoses [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4042:2018 Fasteners — Electroplated coating systems ISO 4043:2016 Simultaneous interpreting — Mobile booths — Requirements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 17651-2] ISO 4044:2017 Leather — Chemical tests — Preparation of chemical test samples ISO 4045:2018 Leather — Chemical tests — Determination of pH and difference figure ISO 4046 Paper, board, pulps and related terms – Vocabulary ISO 4046-1:2016 Part 1: Alphabetical index ISO 4046-2:2016 Part 2: Pulping terminology ISO 4046-3:2016 Part 3: Paper-making terminology ISO 4046-4:2016 Part 4: Paper and board grades and converted products ISO 4046-5:2016 Part 5: Properties of pulp, paper and board ISO 4047:1977 Leather — Determination of sulphated total ash and sulphated water-insoluble ash ISO 4048:2018 Leather — Chemical tests — Determination of matter soluble in dichloromethane and free fatty acid content ISO 4049:2019 Dentistry — Polymer-based restorative materials ISO 4050:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — "Rhine" and Hall's stockless anchors [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4051:1977 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Steering gear — Values of torques [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4052:1983 Coffee — Determination of caffeine content (Reference method) [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4053 Measurement of gas flow in conduits — Tracer methods ISO 4053-1:1977 Part 1: General [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4053-4:1978 Part 4: Transit time method using radioactive tracers [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4054:1980 Couplers, loose spigots and base-plates for use in working scaffolds made of steel tubes — Requirements and test procedure [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4055:1977 Road vehicles — Caravans and light trailers — Electromagnetic braking [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4056:1978 Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings — Designation of polyethylene, based on nominal density and melt flow index [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10162] ISO 4057:1986 Information processing – Data interchange on 6,30 mm (0.25 in) magnetic tape cartridge, 63 bpmm (1 600 bpi) phase-encoded [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4058:1977 Magnesium and its alloys — Determination of nickel — Photometric method using dimethylglyoxime [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4059:1978 Polyethylene (PE) pipes — Pressure drop in mechanical pipe-jointing systems — Method of test and requirements ISO 4060 Road vehicles — Seat belts — Adjusting devices [Rejected draft] ISO 4061 Soldering — Quality requirements for soldering of metallic materials [Rejected draft; original was Road vehicles — Seat belts equipment with push-button buckles — Handling characteristics] ISO 4062:1977 Dictation equipment — Symbols [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 13251] ISO 4063:2009 Welding and allied processes – Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers ISO 4064 Water meters for cold potable water and hot water ISO 4064-1:2014 Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements ISO 4064-2:2014 Part 2: Test methods ISO 4064-3:2014 Part 3: Test report format ISO 4064-4:2014 Part 4: Non-metrological requirements not covered in ISO 4064-1 ISO 4064-5:2014 Part 5: Installation requirements ISO 4065:2018 Thermoplastics pipes — Universal wall thickness table ISO 4066:1994 Construction drawings — Bar scheduling [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 3766] ISO 4067 Technical drawings — Installations ISO 4067-1:1984 Part 1: Graphical symbols for plumbing, heating, ventilation and ducting [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4067-2:1980 Part 2: Simplified representation of sanitary appliances [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4067-3:1984 Part 3: Graphical symbols for automatic control [Rejected draft later published as ISO/TR 8545] ISO 4067-6:1985 Part 6: Graphical symbols for supply water and drainage systems in the ground [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4068:1978 Building and civil engineering drawings — Reference lines [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4069:1977 Building and civil engineering drawings — Representation of areas on sections and views — General principles [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4070:2025 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) — Effect of time and temperature on expected strength [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4071:1978 Indirect-reading capacitor-type pocket exposure meters and accessory electrometers [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11934, now withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4072:1982 Green coffee in bags — Sampling ISO 4073:2009 Dentistry — Information system on the location of dental equipment in the working area of the oral health care provider ISO 4074:2015 Natural latex rubber condoms – Requirements and test methods ISO 4075:2025 Polysulfone (PSU) — Effect of time and temperature on expected strength [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4076:2025 Polyphenylsulphone (PPSU) — Effect of time and temperature on expected strength [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4077:2023 Coal — Guide to sampling in coal preparation plants [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4078 Sustainable mobility and transportation — Roadside feeding electric road system [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4078-1 Part 1: Service role architecture [Under development] ISO 4078-2 Part 2: Sustainable mobility and transportation [Under development] ISO 4079:2020 Rubber hoses and hose assemblies — Textile-reinforced hydraulic types for oil-based or water-based fluids — Specification ISO 4080:2009 Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies — Determination of permeability to gas ISO 4081:2016 Rubber hoses and tubing for cooling systems for internal-combustion engines — Specification ISO 4082:1981 Road vehicles — Motor vehicles — Flasher units ISO 4083 Wood and wood-based products - Overview related to the concepts of renewability, reusability, recoverability, recyclability, compostability, biodegradability and circularity – Terminology and existing methodology [Under development; original draft was Dental operating chair — General requirements] ISO 4084:1977 Aircraft — Repairable contactors (not hermetically sealed) — Performance requirements [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4085:1979 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Swing derricks [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4086:2001 Road vehicles — 90 semi-trailer fifth wheel kingpin — Interchangeability ISO 4087:2005 Micrographics – Microfilming of newspapers for archival purposes on 35 mm microfilm ISO/TR 4088:1977 Rubber Thread – Classification [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4089:1979 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Sealing rubber for covers of cargo hatches [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4090:2001 Photography — Medical radiographic cassettes/screens/films and hard-copy imaging films — Dimensions and specifications ISO 4091:2003 Road vehicles — Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles — Definitions, tests and requirements ISO 4092:1988 Road vehicles — Diagnostic systems for motor vehicles — Vocabulary [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4093:1999 Diesel engines — Fuel injection pumps — High-pressure pipes for testing ISO 4094:2017 Paper, board and pulps — General requirements for the competence of laboratories authorized for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3 ISO 4095:1998 Aerospace — Bihexagonal drives — Wrenching configuration — Metric series ISO 4096:1978 Essential oils (containing tertiary alcohols) — Evaluation of free alcohols content by determination of ester value after cold formylation [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4097:2020 Rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) — Evaluation procedure ISO 4098:2018 Leather — Chemical tests — Determination of water-soluble matter, water-soluble inorganic matter and water-soluble organic matter ISO 4099:1984 Cheese — Determination of nitrate and nitrite contents — Method by cadmium reduction and photometry [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 14673-(1-3)] ISO 4100:1980 Road vehicles — World parts manufacturer identifier (WPMI) code ISO 4101:1983 Drawn steel wire for elevator ropes — Specifications ISO 4102:1984 Equipment for crop protection — Sprayers — Connection threading ISO 4103:1979 Concrete — Classification of consistency [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4104:1984 Dental zinc polycarboxylate cements [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 9917] ISO 4105:1978 Textile machinery and accessories — Wires for flexible card clothings ISO 4106:2012 Motorcycles — Engine test code — Net power ISO 4107:2010 Commercial vehicles — Wheel-hub attachment dimensions ISO 4108:1980 Concrete — Determination of tensile splitting strength of test specimens [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-4] ISO 4109:1980 Fresh concrete — Determination of the consistency — Slump test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-2] ISO 4110:1979 Fresh concrete — Determination of the consistency — Vebe test [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-2] ISO 4111:1979 Fresh concrete — Determination of consistency — Degree of compactibility (Compaction index) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1920-2] ISO 4112:1990 Cereals and pulses — Guidance on measurement of the temperature of grain stored in bulk ISO 4113:2010 Road vehicles — Calibration fluids for diesel injection equipment ISO/TR 4114:1979 Road vehicles — Caravans and light trailers — Static load on ball couplings [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4115:1997 Air cargo equipment — Air/land pallet nets ISO 4116:1986 Air cargo equipment — Ground equipment requirements for compatibility with aircraft unit load devices ISO 4117:1993 Air and air/land cargo pallets — Specification and testing ISO 4118:2016 Air cargo — Non-certified lower deck containers — Design and testing ISO 4119:1995 Pulps — Determination of stock concentration ISO 4120:2021 Sensory analysis — Methodology — Triangle test ISO 4121:2003 Sensory analysis — Guidelines for the use of quantitative response scales ISO/TR 4122:1977 Equipment for working the soil — Dimensions of flat disks — Type A [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4123:1979 Belt conveyors — Impact rings for carrying idlers and discs for return idlers — Main dimensions ISO 4124:1994 Liquid hydrocarbons — Dynamic measurement — Statistical control of volumetric metering systems ISO 4125:1991 Dry fruits and dried fruits – Definitions and nomenclature ISO 4126 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure ISO 4126-1:2013 Part 1: Safety valves ISO 4126-2:2018 Part 2: Bursting disc safety devices ISO 4126-3:2020 Part 3: Safety valves and bursting disc safety devices in combination ISO 4126-4:2013 Part 4: Pilot operated safety valves ISO 4126-5:2013 Part 5: Controlled safety pressure relief systems (CSPRS) ISO 4126-6:2014 Part 6: Application, selection and installation of bursting disc safety devices ISO 4126-7:2013 Part 7: Common data ISO 4126-9:2008 Part 9: Application and installation of safety devices excluding stand-alone bursting disc safety devices ISO 4126-10:2010 Part 10: Sizing of safety valves for gas/liquid two-phase flow ISO 4127 Shipbuilding — Inland navigation — Fairleads ISO 4127-1:1979 Part 1: Two-lip fairleads [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4127-2:1979 Part 2: Two-Roller fairleads [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4128:1985 Aircraft — Air mode modular containers ISO 4129:2012 Road vehicles – Mopeds – Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4130:1978 Road vehicles – Three-dimensional reference system and fiducial marks – Definitions ISO 4131:1979 Road vehicles — Dimensional codes for passenger cars ISO 4132:1979 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and metal adaptor fittings for pipes under pressure — Laying lengths and size of threads — Metric series ISO 4133:1979 Meat and meat products — Determination of glucono-delta-lactone content (Reference method) [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4134:2021 Meat and meat products — Determination of L-(+)-glutamic acid content — Reference method ISO 4135:2022 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment – Vocabulary ISO 4136:2022 Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Transverse tensile test ISO/TR 4137:1978 Plastics — Determination of modulus of elasticity by alternating flexure [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4138:2021 Passenger cars — Steady-state circular driving behaviour — Open-loop test methods ISO 4139:1979 Ferrosilicon – Determination of aluminium content – Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method ISO 4140:1979 Ferrochromium and ferrosilicochromium – Determination of chromium content – Potentiometric method ISO 4141 Road vehicles — Multi-core connecting cables ISO 4141-1:2019 Part 1: Test methods and requirements for basic performance sheathed cables ISO 4141-2:2019 Part 2: Test methods and requirements for high performance sheathed cables ISO 4141-3:2019 Part 3: Construction, dimensions and marking of unscreened sheathed low-voltage cables ISO 4141-4:2009 Part 4: Test methods and requirements for coiled cable assemblies ISO 4142:2002 Laboratory glassware — Test tubes ISO 4143:1981 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Open rowing lifeboats [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4144:2003 Pipework — Stainless steel fittings threaded in accordance with ISO 7-1 ISO 4145:1986 Non-alloy steel fittings threaded to ISO 7-1 ISO 4146:1980 Shipbuilding — Inland vessels — Manholes [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 5894] ISO 4147:1997 Aerospace — Nuts, hexagonal, slotted (castellated), normal height, normal across flats, with MJ threads, classifications: 600 MPa (at ambient temperature)/120 degrees C, 600 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 900 MPa (at ambient temperature)/425 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/315 degrees C, 1 100 MPa (at ambient temperature)/650 degrees C, 1 210 MPa (at ambient temperature)/730 degrees C, 1 250 MPa (at ambient temperature)/235 degrees C and 1 550 MPa (at ambient temperature)/600 degrees C — Dimensions ISO 4148:2004 Road vehicles — Special warning lamps — Dimensions ISO 4149:2005 Green coffee — Olfactory and visual examination and determination of foreign matter and defects ISO 4150:2011 Green coffee or raw coffee — Size analysis — Manual and machine sieving ISO 4151:1987 Road vehicles — Mopeds — Type, location and functions of controls [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4152:2021 Glass‐reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes — Determination of the apparent axial long‐term modulus of pipes subject to beam bending [Originally planned ISO 4152 was Welder's test on non-alloy and low-alloy steels for manual metal arc welding] ISO 4153:1981 Aircraft — Pressure fuel dispensing system — Test procedure and limit value for shut-off surge pressure ISO 4154:2022 Traditional Chinese medicine — Sinomenium acutum stem [Original plan for this number unknown] ISO 4155:2022 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of nickel — Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [Original plan for this number unknown] ISO 4156 Straight cylindrical involute splines — Metric module, side fit ISO 4156-1:2021 Part 1: Generalities ISO 4156-2:2021 Part 2: Dimensions ISO 4156-3:2021 Part 3: Inspection ISO 4157 Construction drawings – Designation systems ISO 4158:1978 Ferrosilicon, ferrosilicomanganese and ferrosilicochromium – Determination of silicon content – Gravimetric method ISO 4159:1978 Ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese – Determination of manganese content – Potentiometric method ISO 4160 Hexagon nuts and bolts with flange, style 1 — Small Series — Product grade B [Draft merged into ISO 4161 and ISO 4162] ISO 4161:2012 Hexagon nuts with flange, style 2 — Coarse thread ISO 4162:2012 Hexagon bolts with flange — Small series — Product grade A with driving feature of product grade B ISO 4164:2012 Mopeds — Engine test code — Net power ISO 4165 Road vehicles — Electrical connections — Double-pole connection ISO 4166:1979 Hexagon nuts for fine mechanics — Product grade F [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4167:2012 Polyolefin agricultural twines ISO 4168:2002 Timekeeping instruments — Conditions for carrying out checks on radioluminescent deposits [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4169:1979 Office machines — Keyboards — Key numbering system and layout charts ISO 4170:1995 Air cargo equipment — Interline pallet nets ISO 4171:1993 Air cargo equipment — Interline pallets ISO 4172:1991 Technical drawings – Construction drawings – Drawings for the assembly of prefabricated structures ISO 4173:1980 Ferromolybdenum – Determination of molybdenum content – Gravimetric method ISO 4174:1998 Cereals, oilseeds and pulses — Measurement of unit pressure loss in one-dimensional air flow through bulk grain ISO 4175:1979 Shipbuilding — Shipborne barges, series 1 — Main dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4176:1981 Fertilizers — Determination of nitrate nitrogen content — Nitron gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4177 Magnesium and magnesium alloys – Determination of chromium – Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [rejected draft; original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4178:1980 Complete, filled transport packages — Distribution trials — Information to be recorded ISO 4179:2024 Ductile iron pipes and fittings for pressure and non-pressure pipelines – Cement mortar lining ISO 4180:2019 Packaging — Complete, filled transport packages — General rules for the compilation of performance test schedules ISO 4181 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of strontium — Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [rejected draft; original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4182:1999 Motor vehicles — Measurement of variations in dipped-beam headlamp angle as a function of load [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4183:1995 Belt drives — Classical and narrow V-belts — Grooved pulleys (system based on datum width) ISO 4184:1992 Belt drives — Classical and narrow V-belts — Lengths in datum system ISO 4185:1980 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduits – Weighing method ISO 4186:1980 Asparagus — Guide to storage ISO 4187:1980 Horse-radish — Guide to storage [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4188 Magnesium and magnesium alloys – Determination of arsenic – Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [rejected draft; original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4189 Magnesium and magnesium alloys — Determination of sodium — Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method [rejected draft; original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4190 Lift (US: Elevator) installation ISO 4190-1:2010 Part 1: Class I, II, III and VI lifts [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8100-30] ISO 4190-2:2001 Part 2: Class IV lifts ISO 4190-3:1982 Part 3: Service lifts class V ISO 4190-5:2006 Part 5: Control devices, signals and additional fittings ISO 4190-6:1984 Part 6: Passenger lifts to be installed in residential buildings — Planning and selection [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8100-32] ISO/TR 4191:2014 Plastics piping systems for water supply — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC-U) and oriented PVC-U (PVC-O) — Guidance for installation ISO 4192:1981 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of lead content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method ISO 4193:1981 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Determination of chromium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method ISO 4194:1981 Magnesium alloys — Determination of zinc content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method ISO 4195:2012 Conveyor belts with heat-resistant rubber covers — Heat resistance of covers — Requirements and test methods ISO 4196:1984 Graphical symbols — Use of arrows [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 80416-2] ISO 4197:1989 Equipment for working the soil — Hoe blades — Fixing dimensions ISO 4198:1984 Surface active agents — Detergents for hand dishwashing — Guide for comparative testing of performance ISO 4199:1979 Plain bearings — Shaft diameters for unsplit bushes [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4200:1991 Plain end steel tubes, welded and seamless — General tables of dimensions and masses per unit length ISO 4201 Oil and gas Industries including lower carbon energy — Flame arresters [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4201-1 Part 1: Design, fabrication, and qualification ISO 4201-2 Part 2: Selection, applications, and maintenance ISO 4202:2016 Reduction sleeves with external 7/24 taper for tools with Morse taper shanks ISO 4203:1978 Parallel shank tools — Driving tenons and sockets — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4204:2016 Countersinks, 90°, with Morse taper shanks and detachable pilots ISO 4205:2016 Countersinks, 90°, with parallel shanks and solid pilots ISO 4206:2016 Counterbores with parallel shanks and solid pilots ISO 4207:2016 Counterbores with Morse taper shanks and detachable pilots ISO 4208:1977 Detachable pilots for use with counterbores and 90 degrees countersinks — Dimensions ISO 4209 Truck and bus tyres and rims (metric series) ISO 4209-1:2001 Part 1: Tyres ISO 4209-2:2020 Part 2: Rims ISO 4210 Cycles — Safety requirements for bicycles ISO 4210-1:2014 Part 1: Terms and definitions ISO 4210-2:2015 Part 2: Requirements for city and trekking, young adult, mountain and racing bicycles ISO 4210-3:2014 Part 3: Common test methods ISO 4210-4:2014 Part 4: Braking test methods ISO 4210-5:2014 Part 5: Steering test methods ISO 4210-6:2015 Part 6: Frame and fork test methods ISO 4210-7:2014 Part 7: Wheels and rims test methods ISO 4210-8:2014 Part 8: Pedal and drive system test methods ISO 4210-9:2014 Part 9: Saddles and seat-post test methods ISO 4211 Furniture — Tests for surface finishes ISO 4211-1:2025 Part 1: Assessment of resistance to cold liquids ISO 4211-2:2013 Part 2: Assessment of resistance to wet heat ISO 4211-3:2013 Part 3: Assessment of resistance to dry heat ISO 4211-4:1988 Part 4: Assessment of resistance to impact ISO 4211-5:2021 Part 5: Assessment of resistance to abrasion ISO 4212:2023 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys — Method of oxalic acid etching test for intergranular corrosion of austenitic stainless steel [original draft with this number unknown] ISO/IEC TS 4213:2022 Information technology — Artificial Intelligence — Assessment of machine learning classification performance [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4214:2022 Milk and milk products — Determination of amino acids in infant and adult/paediatric nutritional formulas and other dairy products [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4215:2022 Corrosion of metals and alloys — Test method for high-temperature corrosion testing of metallic materials by thermogravimetry under isothermal or cyclic conditions [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4216:2021 Thermosetting resin and UV curable resin — Determination of shrinkage by continuous measurement method [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4217:2015 Codes for the representation of currencies ISO 4218 Printing machines — Vocabulary ISO 4218-1:1979 Part 1: Fundamental terms ISO 4219:1979 Air quality — Determination of gaseous sulphur compounds in ambient air — Sampling equipment ISO 4220:1983 Ambient air — Determination of a gaseous acid air pollution index — Titrimetric method with indicator or potentiometric end-point detection ISO 4221:1980 Air quality — Determination of mass concentration of sulphur dioxide in ambient air — Thorin spectrophotometric method ISO 4222 Ambient air — Measurement of particulate fall-out — Horizontal deposit gauge method [Rejected draft] ISO 4223 Definitions of some terms used in the tyre industry ISO 4223-1:2017 Part 1: Pneumatic tyres ISO 4223-2:1991 Part 2: Solid tyres ISO 4224:2000 Ambient air — Determination of carbon monoxide — Non-dispersive infrared spectrometric method ISO 4225:2020 Air quality – General aspects – Vocabulary ISO 4226:2007 Air quality – General aspects – Units of measurement ISO/TR 4227:1989 Planning of ambient air quality monitoring ISO 4228:1986 Spanners and wrenches — Spline drive ends for power socket wrenches ISO 4229:2017 Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Single-head engineer's wrenches for lower torque applications — Maximum outside dimensions of heads and test torques ISO 4230:2016 Hand- and machine-operated circular screwing dies for taper pipe threads — R series ISO 4231:2016 Hand- and machine-operated circular screwing dies for parallel pipe threads — G series ISO 4232 Office machines – Minimum information to be included in specification sheets ISO 4232-1:1979 Part 1: Duplicators [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4232-2:1980 Part 2: Document copying machines ISO 4232-3:1984 Part 3: Postal franking machines [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4233:2023 Hot helium leak testing method for high temperature pressure-bearing components in nuclear fusion reactors [original draft with this number unknown] ISO/TR 4234:2026 Non-active surgical implants — Implant coating — Best practices for coating system assessment [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4238:1976 Cinematography — Optical printing ratios for enlargement and reduction of motion-picture film images — Specifications ISO 4240 Fine bubble technology — Environmental applications [original draft with this number unknown, but relates to Cinematography] ISO/TS 4240-1:2023 Part 1: Inspection method using online particle counter in dissolved air flotation (DAF) plant ISO 4240-2:2024 Part 2: Test method for evaluating aeration performance of fine bubble jet devices ISO 4240-3 Part 3: Test method for on-site evaluation of the performance of algae bloom removal facilities [Under development] ISO 4240-4 Part 4: Test method for the removal of oil from soil by washing using fine bubbles [Under development] ISO 4240-5 Part 5: Test method for the removal of heavy metals from soil by washing using fine bubbles [Under development] ISO 4241:2019 Cinematography — Projection film leader (time-based), trailer and cue marks — Specifications ISO 4242:1980 Cinematography — Recording head gaps for two sound records on 16 mm magnetic film — Positions and width dimensions ISO 4243:1979 Cinematography — Picture image area and photographic sound record on 16 mm motion-picture release prints — Positions and dimensions ISO 4244:1979 Cinematography — Photographic sound record on 8 mm Type S motion-picture prints — Position and width dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4245 Cinematography — Projector usage of 16 mm motion-picture films for direct front projection — Specifications [Draft numbered as ISO 26, which the draft was a revision of] ISO 4246:1994 Cinematography – Vocabulary ISO 4247:1977 Jig bushes and accessories for drilling purposes — Dimensions [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4248:1978 Jig bushes – Definitions and nomenclature ISO 4249 Motorcycle tyres and rims (Code-designated series) ISO 4249-1:1985 Part 1: Tyres ISO 4249-2:1990 Part 2: Tyre load ratings ISO 4249-3:2010 Part 3: Rims ISO 4250 Earth-mover tyres and rims ISO 4250-1:2017 Part 1: Tyre designation and dimensions ISO 4250-2:2017 Part 2: Loads and inflation pressures ISO 4250-3:2020 Part 3: Rims ISO 4251 Code designated diagonal tyres (ply rating marked series) for agricultural tractors, trailers and machines ISO 4251-1:2019 Part 1: Tyre designation and dimensions, and approved rim contours ISO 4251-2:2019 Part 2: Tyre load ratings ISO 4251-3:2006 Part 3: Rims [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18804] ISO 4251-4:2010 Part 4: Tyre classification and nomenclature [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4251-5:1992 Part 5: Logging and forestry service tyres [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18807] ISO 4252:2007 Agricultural tractors — Operator's workplace, access and exit — Dimensions ISO 4253:1993 Agricultural tractors — Operator's seating accommodation — Dimensions ISO 4254 Agricultural machinery — Safety ISO 4254-1:2013 Part 1: General requirements ISO 4254-2:1986 Part 2: Anhydrous ammonia applicators [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4254-3:1992 Part 3: Tractors [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 26322-(1,2)] ISO 4254-4:1990 Part 4: Forestry winches [Withdrawn: replaced by ISO 19472] ISO 4254-5:2018 Part 5: Power-driven soil-working machines ISO 4254-6:2020 Part 6: Sprayers and liquid fertilizer distributors ISO 4254-7:2017 Part 7: Combine harvesters, forage harvesters, cotton harvesters and sugar cane harvesters ISO 4254-8:2018 Part 8: Solid fertilizer distributors ISO 4254-9:2018 Part 9: Seed drills ISO 4254-10:2009 Part 10: Rotary tedders and rakes ISO 4254-11:2010 Part 11: Pick-up balers ISO 4254-12:2012 Part 12: Rotary disc and drum mowers and flail mowers ISO 4254-13:2012 Part 13: Large rotary mowers ISO 4254-14:2016 Part 14: Bale wrappers ISO 4254-15 Part 15: Row-crop flail mowers [Abandoned draft] ISO 4254-16:2018 Part 16: Portable agricultural grain augers ISO 4254-17:2022 Part 17: Root crop harvesters ISO 4255:2025 Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Mechanical properties of ceramic composites at high temperature — Determination of axial tensile properties of tubes [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4256:1996 Liquefied petroleum gases — Determination of gauge vapour pressure — LPG method ISO 4257:2001 Liquefied petroleum gases — Method of sampling ISO 4259 Petroleum and related products — Precision of measurement methods and results ISO 4259-1:2017 Part 1: Determination of precision data in relation to methods of test ISO 4259-2:2017 Part 2: Interpretation and application of precision data in relation to methods of test ISO 4259-3:2020 Part 3: Monitoring and verification of published precision data in relation to methods of test ISO 4259-4:2021 Part 4: Use of statistical control charts to validate 'in-statistical-control' status for the execution of a standard test method in a single laboratory ISO 4260:1987 Petroleum products and hydrocarbons — Determination of sulfur content — Wickbold combustion method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4261:2013 Petroleum products — Fuels (class F) — Specifications of gas turbine fuels for industrial and marine applications ISO 4262:1993 Petroleum products — Determination of carbon residue — Ramsbottom method ISO 4263 Petroleum and related products — Determination of the ageing behaviour of inhibited oils and fluids — TOST test ISO 4263-1:2003 Part 1: Procedure for mineral oils ISO 4263-2:2003 Part 2: Procedure for category HFC hydraulic fluids ISO 4263-3:2015 Part 3: Anhydrous procedure for synthetic hydraulic fluids ISO 4263-4:2006 Part 4: Procedure for industrial gear oils ISO 4264:2018 Petroleum products — Calculation of cetane index of middle-distillate fuels by the four variable equation ISO 4265:1986 Petroleum products — Lubricating oils and additives — Determination of phosphorus content — Quinoline phosphomolybdate method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4266 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Measurement of level and temperature in storage tanks by automatic methods ISO 4266-1:2002 Part 1: Measurement of level in atmospheric tanks ISO 4266-2:2002 Part 2: Measurement of level in marine vessels ISO 4266-3:2002 Part 3: Measurement of level in pressurized storage tanks (non-refrigerated) ISO 4266-4:2002 Part 4: Measurement of temperature in atmospheric tanks ISO 4266-5:2002 Part 5: Measurement of temperature in marine vessels ISO 4266-6:2002 Part 6: Measurement of temperature in pressurized storage tanks (non-refrigerated) ISO 4267 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Calculation of oil quantities ISO 4267-1 Part 1: Static measurement [Rejected draft] ISO 4267-2:1988 Part 2: Dynamic measurement ISO 4268:2000 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Temperature measurements — Manual methods ISO 4269:2001 Petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Tank calibration by liquid measurement — Incremental method using volumetric meters ISO 4270 Petroleum products – Determination of density and relative density – Reischauer pyknometer method [Rejected draft] ISO 4271 Petroleum products – Determination of density and relative density – Conical pyknometer method [Rejected draft] ISO 4272:2022 Intelligent transport systems — Truck platooning systems (TPS) — Functional and operational requirements [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4273:2024 Intelligent transport systems — Automated braking during low speed manoeuvring (ABLS) — Requirements and test procedures [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4274:1977 Urea for industrial use — Determination of biuret content — Flame atomic absorption and photometric absorption methods [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4275:1977 Ammonium hydrogen carbonate for industrial use (including foodstuffs) — Determination of arsenic content — Silver diethyldithiocarbamate photometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4276:1978 Anhydrous ammonia for industrial use — Evaluation of residue on evaporation — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO/TR 4277:2009 Cryolite, natural and artificial — Conventional test for evaluation of free fluorides content ISO 4278:1977 Sodium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of carbonate content — Gravimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4279:1977 Aluminium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of sodium content — Flame emission spectrophotometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4280:1977 Cryolite, natural and artificial, and aluminium fluoride for industrial use — Determination of sulphate content — Barium sulphate gravimetric method ISO 4281:1977 Sodium hexafluorosilicate for industrial use — Determination of free acidity and total hexafluorosilicate content — Titrimetric method ISO 4282:1992 Acid-grade and ceramic-grade fluorspar — Determination of loss in mass at 105 degrees C [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4283:1993 All grades of fluorspar — Determination of carbonate content — Titrimetric method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4284:1993 Acid-grade and ceramic-grade fluorspar — Determination of sulfide content — Iodometric method [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4285:1977 Phosphoric acid for industrial use — Guide to sampling techniques ISO 4286:2021 Intelligent transport systems — Use cases for sharing of probe data [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4287:1997 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method – Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21920-2] ISO 4288:1996 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method – Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 21920-3] ISO 4289:2023 High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) cermet coatings for metallurgical roll components — Guidance with requirements [original draft was Instruments for the measurement of surface roughness by the profile method contact (stylus) instruments of consecutive profile transformation - Profile recording instruments calibration and means] ISO 4290 Agricultural wheeled tractors and attachments — Front loaders — Dimensional and operational ratings [Rejected draft; original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4291:1985 Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness – Measurement of variations in radius ISO 4292:1985 Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness — Measurement by two- and three-point methods [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4293:1982 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of phosphorus content — Extraction-molybdovanadate photometric method ISO 4294:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of copper content — Extraction-spectrometric and spectrometric methods [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4295:1988 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of aluminium content — Photometric and gravimetric methods ISO 4296 Manganese ores — Sampling ISO 4296-1:1984 Part 1: Increment sampling ISO 4296-2:1983 Part 2: Preparation of samples ISO 4297:1978 Manganese ores and concentrates — Methods of chemical analysis — General instructions ISO 4298:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of manganese content — Potentiometric method ISO 4299:1989 Manganese ores — Determination of moisture content ISO 4300:1984 Manganese ores and concentrates — Determination of lead content — Polarographic methods [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4301 Cranes – Classification ISO 4301-1:2016 Part 1: General ISO 4301-2:2020 Part 2: Mobile cranes ISO 4301-3:2021 Part 3: Tower cranes ISO 4301-4:1989 Part 4: Jib cranes ISO 4301-5:1991 Part 5: Overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes ISO 4302:2016 Cranes — Wind load assessment ISO 4304:1987 Cranes other than mobile and floating cranes — General requirements for stability [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4305:2014 Mobile cranes — Determination of stability ISO 4306 Cranes – Vocabulary ISO 4306-1:2007 Part 1: General ISO 4306-2:2012 Part 2: Mobile cranes ISO 4306-3:2016 Part 3: Tower cranes ISO 4306-4:2020 Part 4: Jib cranes ISO 4306-5:2005 Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes ISO 4307:2021 Molecular in vitro diagnostic examinations — Specifications for pre-examination processes for saliva — Isolated human DNA [Original draft with this number was related to cranes] ISO 4308 Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes ISO 4308-1:2003 Part 1: General [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16625] ISO 4308-2:1988 Part 2: Mobile cranes — Coefficient of utilization [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 16625] ISO 4309:2017 Cranes — Wire ropes — Care and maintenance, inspection and discard ISO 4310:2009 Cranes — Test code and procedures ISO 4311:1979 Anionic and non-ionic surface active agents — Determination of the critical micellization concentration — Method by measuring surface tension with a plate, stirrup or ring ISO 4312:1989 Surface active agents — Evaluation of certain effects of laundering — Methods of analysis and test for unsoiled cotton control cloth ISO 4313:1976 Washing powders — Determination of total phosphorus(V) oxide content — Quinoline phosphomolybdate gravimetric method ISO 4314:1977 Surface active agents — Determination of free alkalinity or free acidity — Titrimetric method ISO 4315:1977 Surface active agents — Determination of alkalinity — Titrimetric method ISO 4316:1977 Surface active agents — Determination of pH of aqueous solutions — Potentiometric method ISO 4317:2011 Surface-active agents and detergents — Determination of water content — Karl Fischer methods ISO 4318:1989 Surface active agents and soaps — Determination of water content — Azeotropic distillation method ISO 4319:1977 Surface active agents — Detergents for washing fabrics — Guide for comparative testing of performance ISO 4320:1977 Non-ionic surface active agents — Determination of cloud point index — Volumetric method ISO 4321:1977 Washing powders — Determination of active oxygen content — Titrimetric method ISO 4322:1977 Non-ionic surface active agents — Determination of sulphated ash — Gravimetric method ISO 4323:2018 Soaps — Determination of chloride content — Potentiometric method ISO 4324:1977 Surface active agents — Powders and granules — Measurement of the angle of repose ISO 4325:1990 Soaps and detergents — Determination of chelating agent content — Titrimetric method ISO 4326:1980 Non-ionic surface active agents — Polyethoxylated derivatives — Determination of hydroxyl value — Acetic anhydride method ISO 4327:1979 Non-ionic surface active agents — Polyalkoxylated derivatives — Determination of hydroxyl value — Phthalic anhydride method ISO 4328 Centre holes [Rejected draft] ISO 4329 Shaft ends with woodruff keys [Rejected draft] ISO 4330:1994 Photography — Determination of the curl of photographic film and paper [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18910] ISO 4331:1986 Photography — Processed photographic black-and-white film for archival records — Silver-gelatin type on cellulose ester base — Specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10602, now replaced with ISO 18901] ISO 4332:1986 Photography — Processed photographic black-and-white film for archival records — Silver-gelatin type on poly(ethylene terephthalate) base — Specifications [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 10602, now replaced with ISO 18901] ISO 4333:2022 Textiles — Determination of reduction activity of specific proteins derived from pollen, mite and other sources on textile products [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4334 Fruit puree — Specifications and test methods [Rejected draft; original draft with this number unknown] ISO/IEC 4335:1993 Information technology —- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — High-level data link control (HDLC) procedures — Elements of procedures [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO/IEC 13239] ISO 4336:1981 Numerical control of machines — Specification of interface signals between the numerical control unit and the electrical equipment of an NC machine [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4337:1977 Information processing – Interchangeable magnetic twelve-disk pack (100 Mbytes) [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4338 Information processing – Magnetic tape cassette [Rejected draft; a later proposed draft, Conceptual model and system architecture of smart classroom, was deleted in 2021] ISO 4339:2022 Information technology for learning, education and training — Reference model for information and communications technology (ICT) evaluation in education [Original draft with this number related to Information processing] ISO/TR 4340:2022 Water aggressiveness evaluation and optimized lining choice [Original draft with this number related to Information processing] ISO 4341:1978 Information processing – Magnetic tape cassette and cartridge labelling and file structure for information interchange ISO 4342:1985 Numerical control of machines — NC processor input — Basic part program reference language ISO 4343:2000 Industrial automation systems — Numerical control of machines — NC processor output — Post processor commands ISO 4344:2004 Steel wire ropes for lifts — Minimum requirements ISO 4345:1988 Steel wire ropes — Fibre main cores — Specification ISO 4346:1977 Steel wire ropes for general purposes – Lubricants – Basic requirements ISO 4347:2015 Leaf chains, clevises and sheaves — Dimensions, measuring forces, tensile strengths and dynamic strengths ISO 4348:1983 Flat-top chains and associated chain wheels for conveyors [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4349:2023 Solid recovered fuels — Determination of the recycling index for co-processing [Original draft with this number was General principles for the verification of safety of concrete structures] ISO 4351:2023 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Association [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4354:2009 Wind actions on structures ISO 4355:2013 Bases for design of structures — Determination of snow loads on roofs ISO 4356:1977 Bases for the design of structures — Deformations of buildings at the serviceability limit states [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4357 Rules for use of the I.S. system of units in buildings [Rejected draft] ISO 4358:2023 Test methods for civil multi-copter unmanned aircraft system [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4359:2013 Flow measurement structures – Rectangular, trapezoidal and U-shaped flumes ISO 4360:2020 Hydrometry – Open channel flow measurement using triangular profile weirs ISO 4361 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – Round nosed broad crested weirs [Rejected draft] ISO 4362:1999 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurement in open channels using structures – Trapezoidal broad-crested weirs ISO 4363:2002 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Methods for measurement of characteristics of suspended sediment ISO 4364:1997 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Bed material sampling ISO 4365:2005 Liquid flow in open channels – Sediment in streams and canals – Determination of concentration, particle size distribution and relative density ISO 4366:2007 Hydrometry – Echo sounders for water depth measurements ISO 4369:1979 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Moving-boat method ISO 4370:2022 Environmental life cycle assessment and recycling of ductile iron pipes for water applications [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4371:1984 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes – End depth method for estimation of flow in non-rectangular channels with a free overfall (approximate method) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 18481] ISO 4373:2022 Hydrometry – Water level measuring devices ISO 4374:1990 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Round-nose horizontal broad-crested weirs ISO 4375:2014 Hydrometry – Cableway systems for stream gauging ISO 4376:2024 Cycle Energy Requirement — Test method [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4377:2012 Hydrometric determinations – Flow measurement in open channels using structures – Flat-V weirs ISO 4378 Plain bearings – Terms, definitions, classification and symbols ISO 4378-1:2017 Part 1: Design, bearing materials and their properties ISO 4378-2:2017 Part 2: Friction and wear ISO 4378-3:2017 Part 3: Lubrication ISO 4378-4:2009 Part 4: Basic symbols ISO 4378-5:2009 Part 5: Application of symbols ISO/TR 4378-6:2012 Part 6: Abbreviated terms ISO 4379:2018 Plain bearings — Copper alloy bushes ISO 4380 Plain bearings – Method of calculation of hydrodynamic thrust bearings (Rejected draft; now covered by ISO 12131-1) ISO 4381:2011 Plain bearings — Tin casting alloys for multilayer plain bearings ISO 4382 Plain bearings — Copper alloys ISO 4382-1:2021 Part 1: Cast copper alloys for solid and multilayer thick-walled plain bearings ISO 4382-2:2021 Part 2: Wrought copper alloys for solid plain bearings ISO 4383:2012 Plain bearings — Multilayer materials for thin-walled plain bearings ISO 4384 Plain bearings — Hardness testing of bearing metals ISO 4384-1:2019 Part 1: Multilayer bearings materials ISO 4384-2:2022 Part 2: Solid materials ISO 4385:1981 Plain bearings — Compression testing of metallic bearing materials ISO 4386 Plain bearings — Metallic multilayer plain bearings ISO 4386-1:2019 Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness greater than or equal to 0,5 mm ISO 4386-3:2019 Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 2 mm ISO 4387:2019 Cigarettes — Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine ISO 4388:1991 Cigarettes — Determination of the smoke condensate retention index of a filter — Direct spectrometric method ISO 4389:2000 Tobacco and tobacco products — Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues — Gas chromatographic method ISO 4391:1983 Hydraulic fluid power — Pumps, motors and integral transmissions — Parameter definitions and letter symbols ISO 4392 Hydraulic fluid power — Determination of characteristics of motors ISO 4392-1:2002 Part 1: At constant low speed and constant pressure ISO 4392-2:2002 Part 2: Startability ISO 4392-3:1993 Part 3: At constant flow and at constant torque ISO 4393:2015 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinders — Basic series of piston strokes ISO 4394 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinder barrels ISO 4394-1:1980 Part 1: Requirements for steel tubes with specially finished bores [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 4395:2009 Fluid power systems and components — Cylinder piston rod end types and dimensions ISO 4396 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Recursive inter-network architecture [Original DPR with this number related to fluid power] ISO 4396-1:2023 Part 1: Reference model ISO 4396-2:2023 Part 2: Common application connection establishment procedure ISO 4396-3:2023 Part 3: Common distributed application protocol ISO 4396-4:2023 Part 4: Complete enrolment procedures ISO 4396-5:2023 Part 5: Incremental enrolment procedures ISO 4396-6:2023 Part 6: RINA data transfer service ISO 4396-7:2023 Part 7: Flow allocator ISO 4396-8:2023 Part 8: RINA general delimiting procedures ISO 4396-9:2023 Part 9: Error and flow control protocol ISO 4397:2011 Fluid power connectors and associated components — Nominal outside diameters of tubes and nominal hose sizes ISO/TS 4398:2022 Intelligent transport systems — Guided transportation service planning data exchange [Original DPR with this number related to fluid power] ISO 4399:2019 Fluid power systems and components — Connectors and associated components — Nominal pressures ISO 4400:1994 Fluid power systems and components — Three-pin electrical plug connectors with earth contact — Characteristics and requirements ISO 4401:2005 Hydraulic fluid power — Four-port directional control valves — Mounting surfaces ISO 4402:1991 Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of automatic-count instruments for particles suspended in liquids — Method using classified AC Fine Test Dust contaminant [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 11171] ISO 4404 Petroleum and related products — Determination of the corrosion resistance of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids ISO 4404-1:2012 Part 1: Water-containing fluids ISO 4404-2:2010 Part 2: Non-aqueous fluids ISO 4405:2022 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the gravimetric method ISO 4406:2021 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluids — Method for coding the level of contamination by solid particles ISO 4407:2002 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the counting method using an optical microscope ISO 4408 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluid contamination — Determination of particulate contamination by the counting method under incident light [Abandoned draft] ISO 4409:2019 Hydraulic fluid power — Positive-displacement pumps, motors and integral transmissions — Methods of testing and presenting basic steady state performance ISO 4410:2023 Test methods for the experimental characterization of in-plane permeability of fibrous reinforcements for liquid composite moulding [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4411:2019 Hydraulic fluid power — Valves — Determination of differential pressure/flow rate characteristics ISO 4412 Hydraulic fluid power – Test code for determination of airborne noise levels ISO 4412-1:1991 Part 1: Pumps ISO 4412-2:1991 Part 2: Motors ISO 4412-3:1991 Part 3: Pumps – Method using a parallelepiped microphone array ISO 4413:2010 Hydraulic fluid power – General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components ISO 4414:2010 Pneumatic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components ISO 4415:1981 Size designation of clothes — Men's and boys' underwear, nightwear and shirts [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] ISO 4416:1981 Size designation of clothes — Women's and girls' underwear, nightwear, foundation garments and shirts [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] ISO 4417:1977 Size designation of clothes — Headwear [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] ISO 4418:1978 Size designation of clothes — Gloves [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 8559-2] ISO/TR 4419:2026 Health informatics — Pathways for human-computer interaction in electronic health information record systems to reduce clinician burden [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4420 Fluid power control components [Rejected draft] ISO/TR 4421:2023 Health informatics — Introduction to Ayurveda informatics [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4422 Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for water supply — Specifications ISO 4422-1:1996 Part 1: General [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-1] ISO 4422-2:1996 Part 2: Pipes (with or without integral sockets) [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-2] ISO 4422-3:1996 Part 3: Fittings and joints [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-3] ISO 4422-4:1996 Part 4: Valves and ancillary equipment [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-4] ISO 4422-5:1996 Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the system [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-5] ISO/TS 4424:2023 Genomics Informatics— Data elements and their metadata for describing the tumor mutation burden (TMB) information of clinical massive parallel DNA Sequencing [original draft with this number unknown] ISO/TS 4425:2023 Genomics Informatics — Data elements and their metadata for describing the microsatellite instability (MSI) information of clinical massive parallel DNA sequencing [original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4426:2021 Intelligent transport systems — Lower layer protocols for usage in the European digital tachograph [Original draft with this number unknown] ISO 4434:1977 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) adaptor fittings for pipes under pressure — Laying length and size of threads — Metric series [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 1452-3] ISO 4469:1981 Wood — Determination of radial and tangential shrinkage [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 13061-13] ISO 4481:1977 Cutlery and flatware – Nomenclature
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
C6H12O6 → 3 CH4 + 3 CO2 These hydrocarbon deposits, collected in porous rocks trapped beneath impermeable cap rocks, comprise commercial oil fields. They have formed over millions of years and once exhausted cannot be readily replaced. The depletion of these hydrocarbons reserves is the basis for what is known as the energy crisis. Alkanes have a low solubility in water, so the content in the oceans is negligible; however, at high pressures and low temperatures (such as at the bottom of the oceans), methane can co-crystallize with water to form a solid methane clathrate (methane hydrate). Although this cannot be commercially exploited at the present time, the amount of combustible energy of the known methane clathrate fields exceeds the energy content of all the natural gas and oil deposits put together. Methane extracted from methane clathrate is, therefore, a candidate for future fuels.
In February 2016, a Higher School of Economics university academic and Harvard University visiting scholar Yuval Weber wrote on E-International Relations that "the world is not entering Cold War II", stating that the current tensions and ideologies of Russia and Western countries are not similar to those of the original Cold War, that conflicts in Europe and the Middle East do not destabilise other areas geographically, and that Russia "is far more integrated with the outside world than the Soviet Union ever was". However, he suggested that Russia and the West were in the midst of a "mini-Cold War".
=== Lithuania === Lithuanian Armed Forces field rations are based on the American MRE. They come in 10 menus packed in a dark green plastic bag, and besides the main meal in a retort pouch they also include two small dark chocolate bars, honey or jam, four hard-tack biscuits, a handful of almonds or hazelnuts, instant drink mix, tea or coffee, sugar, an antiseptic wipe, matches, solid fuel tablets, a flat disposable stove, a flameless heater (similar to the US one) and a cable-tie used to seal waste packaging back into the outer bag after use.
They suggest that people actively create it and make their lives meaningful by dedicating themselves to what they love. Objectivists contend that meaning does not depend on subjective preferences but is grounded in objective features of reality. Some people seek meaning by promoting concrete general values, like truth, moral goodness, and beauty. Others pursue it in religious practice by trying to realize a supernatural purpose. Further suggested sources of meaning include altruism, creativity, and self-actualization. The inability to find meaning in life can lead to an existential crisis, associated with anxiety and spiritual confusion.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Lyophilised peptide powders are generally kept frozen or refrigerated, dry, and protected from light. Sealed vials limit moisture uptake and slow hydrolysis. Such guidance comes from general peptide chemistry rather than from stability studies specific to every product.
Reversed-phase HPLC is the standard approach, with purity expressed as a percentage of total peak area. Mass spectrometry confirms the expected molecular mass and can reveal adducts or truncated sequences. Neither method on its own establishes biological activity.
Small mass differences often reflect different counterions, such as acetate versus trifluoroacetate, or bound water rather than a different amino acid sequence. Mass spectrometry can distinguish these forms when the ionisation conditions are known. Exact sequence confirmation requires peptide mapping or tandem mass spectrometry.
The letters BPC stand for body protection compound. The number 157 refers to a specific fragment designation from early work on gastric proteins. The full name is a label for a synthetic fifteen-amino-acid peptide rather than a naturally isolated drug.